Intel Management Engine (IME), embedded in every Intel chipset since 2008, is an autonomous microcontroller running the Minix OS with full access to system memory, network, and storage — even when the computer appears to be off. It operates below the operating system, making detection impossible. In 2017, critical vulnerability CVE-2017-5689 allowed unauthorized remote code execution. Security researchers have compared it to a built-in backdoor. AMD has a similar subsystem (Platform Security Processor) with its own vulnerabilities.