After Doug Bower and Dave Chorley admitted in 1991 to creating over 200 crop circles with ropes and boards, the phenomenon was widely dismissed. However, researchers note that some formations exhibit anomalies: bent (not broken) plant stalks, expulsion cavities in plant nodes suggesting rapid heating from inside, changes in soil crystalline structure, and electromagnetic anomalies. Complex formations incorporating advanced mathematical concepts like fractal geometry appeared overnight in areas with no tracks or evidence of human activity. Physicist Haselhoff published peer-reviewed research suggesting some circles show radiation patterns consistent with an overhead energy source. Mainstream science attributes all crop circles to human creation, noting that GPS and lasers easily explain increasing complexity.