In the 1960s, sugar executive John Hickson devised a plan to shift blame for heart disease from sugar to saturated fat. The industry paid Harvard nutritionists for a 1967 New England Journal of Medicine review that dismissed sugar as a risk while vilifying fat. UCSF researcher Cristin Kearns found letters showing one scientist writing to his funder that 'every time the Iowa group publishes a paper we have to rework a section in rebuttal.' The review applied different evidence standards: dismissing sugar studies while accepting weaker fat studies. This corrupted study shaped global nutrition policy for 50 years.