On February 3, 2023, a Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio. Officials conducted a 'controlled burn' of five tanker cars of vinyl chloride — a known carcinogen — releasing a massive toxic plume. The EPA initially told residents it was safe to return within days. Independent testing later found elevated levels of dioxins and other toxins. EPA delayed comprehensive dioxin testing for months. Residents reported dead pets, skin rashes, and respiratory problems. Norfolk Southern had lobbied against enhanced braking requirements that might have prevented the derailment.